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ESS[SAS] was designed to aid the user in writing and maintaining SAS programs, such as myfile.sas. Both interactive and batch submission of SAS programs is supported.
ESS[SAS] was written with two primary goals.
1. The emacs text editor provides a powerful and flexible development environment for programming languages. These features are a boon to all programmers and, with the help of ESS[SAS], to SAS users as well.
2. Although a departure from SAS Display Manager, ESS[SAS] provides similar key definitions to give novice ESS[SAS] users a head start. Also, inconvenient SAS Display Manager features, like remote submission and syntax highlighting, are provided transparently; appealing to advanced ESS[SAS] users.
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ESS[SAS] is the mode for editing SAS language files. This mode handles:
- proper indenting, generated by both [Tab] and [Return]. - color and font choices based on syntax. - ability to send the contents of an entire buffer, a highlighted region, or a single line to an interactive SAS process. - ability to switch between processes which would be the target of the buffer (for the above). - ability to save and submit the file you are working on as a batch SAS process with a single keypress and to continue editing while it is runs in the background. - capability of killing the batch SAS process through the shell buffer or allow the SAS process to keep on running after you exit emacs. - single keypress navigation of .sas, .log and .lst files (.log and .lst files are automatically refreshed with each keypress). |
ESS[SAS] is automatically turned on when editing a file with a .sas suffix (or other extension, if specified via auto-mode-alist). The function keys can be enabled to use the same function keys that the SAS Display Manager does. The interactive capabilities of ESS require you to start an inferior SAS process with M-x SAS (See section 10.6 iESS[SAS]--Interactive SAS processes.)
At this writing, the indenting and syntax highlighting are generally correct. Known issues: for multiple line * or %* comments, only the first line is highlighted; for .log files, only the first line of a NOTE:, WARNING: or ERROR: message is highlighted; unmatched single/double quotes in CARDS data lines are NOT ignored; in a DO ... TO or a DO ... TO ... BY statement, TOs are not highlighted (and neither is BY).
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Two options. The TAB key is bound by default to sas-indent-line. This function is used to syntactically indent SAS code so PROC and RUN are in the left margin, other statements are indented 4 spaces from the margin, continuation lines are indented 4 spaces in from the beginning column of that statement. This is the type of functionality that emacs provides in most programming language modes. This functionality is equivalent to uncommenting the following line in ess-site.el:
(setq ess-sas-edit-keys-toggle nil) |
ESS provides an alternate behavior for the TAB key that makes it behave as it does in SAS Display Manager, i.e. move the cursor to the next tab stop. The alternate behavior also provides a backwards TAB, C-TAB, that moves the cursor to the tab stop to the left and deletes any characters between them. This functionality is obtained by uncommenting the following line in ess-site.el:
(setq ess-sas-edit-keys-toggle t) |
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Submission of a SAS batch job is dependent on your environment. ess-sas-submit-method is determined by your operating system and your shell. It defaults to 'sh unless you are running Windows or Mac Classic. Under Windows, it will default to 'sh if you are using a Unix-imitating shell; otherwise 'ms-dos for an MS-DOS shell. On Mac OS X, it will default to 'sh, but under Mac Classic AppleScript is used ('apple-script). You will also set this to 'sh if the SAS batch job needs to run on a remote machine rather than your local machine. This works transparently if you are editing the remote file via ange-ftp/EFS or tramp. Note that ess-sas-shell-buffer-remote-init is a Local Variable that defaults to "ssh" which will be used to open the buffer on the remote host and it is assumed that no password is necessary, i.e. you are using the equivalent of ssh-agent/ssh-add (see the discussion about Local Variables below if you need to change the default).
However, if you are editing the file locally and transferring it back and forth with Kermit, you need some additional steps. First, start Kermit locally before remotely logging in. Open a local copy of the file with the ess-kermit-prefix character prepended (the default is "#"). Execute the command ess-kermit-get which automatically brings the contents of the remote file into your local copy. If you transfer files with Kermit manually in a shell buffer, then note that the Kermit escape sequence is C-q C-\ c rather than C-\ c which it would be in an ordinary terminal application, i.e. not in an emacs buffer. Lastly, note that the remote Kermit command is specified by ess-kermit-command.
The command used by the SUBMIT function key (F3 or F8) to submit a batch SAS job, whether local or remote, is ess-sas-submit-command which defaults to sas-program. sas-program is "invoke SAS using program file" for Mac Classic and "sas" otherwise. However, you may have to alter ess-sas-submit-command for a particular program, so it is defined as buffer-local. Conveniently, it can be set at the end of the program:
endsas; Local variables: ess-sas-submit-command: "sas8" End: |
The command line is also made of ess-sas-submit-pre-command, ess-sas-submit-post-command and ess-sas-submit-command-options (the last of which is also buffer-local). Here are some examples for your .emacs file (you may also use M-x customize-variable):
;'sh default (setq ess-sas-submit-pre-command "nohup") ;'sh default (setq ess-sas-submit-post-command "-rsasuser &") ;'sh example (setq-default ess-sas-submit-command "/usr/local/sas/sas") ;'ms-dos default (setq ess-sas-submit-pre-command "start") ;'ms-dos default (setq ess-sas-submit-post-command "-rsasuser -icon") ;Windows example (setq-default ess-sas-submit-command "c:/progra~1/sas/sas.exe") ;Windows example (setq-default ess-sas-submit-command "c:\\progra~1\\sas\\sas.exe") |
There is a built-in delay before a batch SAS job is submitted when using a Unix-imitating shell under Windows. This is necessary in many cases since the shell might not be ready to receive a command. This delay is currently set high enough so as not to be a problem. But, there may be cases when it needs to be set higher, or could be set much lower to speed things up. You can over-ride the default in your .emacs file by:
(setq ess-sleep-for 0.2) |
For example, open the file you want to work with (ess-sas-global-unix-keys keys shown, ess-sas-global-pc-keys in parentheses; ESS[SAS] function keys are presented in the next section).
C-x C-f myfile.sas |
F3 (F8) |
F8 (F3) |
kill %1 |
F5 (F6) |
F5 (F6) |
F6 (F7) |
F4 (F5) |
F3 (F8) |
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The setup of function keys for SAS batch processing is unavoidably complex, but the usage of function keys is simple. There are five distinct options:
Option 1 (default). Function keys in ESS[SAS] are not bound to elisp commands. This is in accordance with the GNU Elisp Coding Standards (GECS) which do not allow function keys to be bound so that they are available to the user.
Options 2-5. Since GECS does not allow function keys to be bound by modes, these keys are often unused. So, ESS[SAS] provides users with the option of binding elisp commands to these keys. Users who are familiar with SAS will, most likely, want to duplicate the function key capabilities of the SAS Display Manager. There are four options (noted in parentheses).
The distinction between local and global is subtle. If you want the ESS[SAS] definitions to work when you are in the *shell* buffer or when editing files other than the file extensions that ESS[SAS] recognizes, you will most likely want to use the global definitions. If you want your function keys to understand SAS batch commands when you are editing SAS files, and to behave normally when editing other files, then you will choose the local definitions. The option can be chosen by the person installing ESS for a site or by an individual.
;;2; (setq ess-sas-local-unix-keys t) ;;3; (setq ess-sas-local-pc-keys t) ;;4; (setq ess-sas-global-unix-keys t) ;;5; (setq ess-sas-global-pc-keys t) |
The names -unix- and -pc- have nothing to do with the operating system that you are running. Rather, they mimic the definitions that the SAS Display Manager uses by default on those platforms.
(load "ess-site") ;; local-unix-keys (ess-sas-global-pc-keys) |
Finally, we get to what the function keys actually do. You may recognize some of the nicknames as SAS Display Manager commands (they are in all capitals).
Unix PC Nickname "inferior" Alias (if any) and Description
F2 F2 refresh
revert the current buffer with the file of the same
name if the file is newer than the buffer
F3 F8 SUBMIT C-c C-b
save the current .sas file (which is either the .sas
file in the current buffer or the .sas file associated
with the .lst or .log file in the current buffer) and
submit the file as a batch SAS job
F4 F5 PROGRAM
switch buffer to .sas file
F5 F6 LOG C-c C-x
switch buffer to .log file, `refresh' and goto next
error message, if any
F6 F7 OUTPUT C-c C-y
switch buffer to .lst file and `refresh'
F7 F4 filetype-1
switch buffer to filetype-1 (defaults to .txt) file
and `refresh'
F8 F3 shell
switch buffer to shell
F9 F9 VIEWTABLE
open an interactive FSEDIT/FSBROWSE session on the SAS
dataset near point
F10 F10 toggle-log
toggle ESS[SAS] for .log files; may be useful for
certain debugging situations
F11 F11 filetype-2
switch buffer to filetype-2 (defaults to .dat) file
and `refresh'
F12 F12 viewgraph
open a GSASFILE near point for viewing either in emacs
or with an external viewer
C-F1 C-F1 rtf-portrait
create an MS RTF portrait file from the current buffer
with a file extension of .rtf
C-F2 C-F2 rtf-landscape
create an MS RTF landscape file from the current buffer
with a file extension of .rtf
C-F3 C-F8 submit-region C-c C-r
write region to ess-temp.sas and submit
C-F5 C-F6 append-to-log
append ess-temp.log to the current .log file
C-F6 C-F7 append-to-output
append ess-temp.lst to the current .lst file
C-F9 C-F9 INSIGHT
open an interactive INSIGHT session on the SAS
dataset near point
C-F10 C-F10 kill-em-all
kill all buffers associated with a .sas program
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SUBMIT, PROGRAM, LOG and OUTPUT need no further explanation since they mimic the SAS Display Manager function key definitions. However, six other keys have been provided for convenience and are described below.
`shell' switches you to the *shell* buffer where you can interact with your operating system. This is especially helpful if you would like to kill a SAS batch job. You can specify a different buffer name to associate with a SAS batch job (besides *shell*) with the buffer-local variable ess-sas-shell-buffer. This allows you to have multiple buffers running SAS batch jobs on multiple local/remote computers that may rely on different methods specified by the buffer-local variable ess-sas-submit-method.
F2 performs the `refresh' operation on the current buffer. `refresh' compares the buffer's last modified date/time with the file's last modified date/time and replaces the buffer with the file if the file is newer. This is the same operation that is automatically performed when LOG, OUTPUT, `filetype-1' or F11 are pressed.
`filetype-1' switches you to a file with the same file name as your .sas file, but with a different extension (.txt by default) and performs `refresh'. You can over-ride the default extension; for example in your .emacs file:
(setq ess-sas-suffix-1 "csv") ; for example |
F9 will prompt you for the name of a permanent SAS dataset near point to be opened for viewing by PROC FSEDIT. You can control the SAS batch command-line with ess-sas-data-view-submit-options. For controlling the SAS batch commands, you have the global variables ess-sas-data-view-libname and ess-sas-data-view-fsview-command as well as the buffer-local variable ess-sas-data-view-fsview-statement. If you have your SAS LIBNAMEs defined in autoexec.sas, then the defaults for these variables should be sufficient.
Similarly, C-F9 will prompt you for the name of a permanent SAS dataset near point to be opened for viewing by PROC INSIGHT. You can control the SAS batch command-line with ess-sas-data-view-submit-options. For controlling the SAS batch commands, you have the global variables ess-sas-data-view-libname and ess-sas-data-view-insight-command as well as the buffer-local variable ess-sas-data-view-insight-statement.
F10 toggles ESS[SAS] mode for .log files which is off by default (technically, it is SAS-log-mode, but it looks the same). The syntax highlighting can be helpful in certain debugging situations, but large .log files may take a long time to highlight.
F11 is the same as `filetype-1' except it is .dat by default.
F12 will prompt you for the name of a GSASFILE near the point in .log to be opened for viewing either with emacs or with an external viewer. Depending on your version of emacs and the operating system you are using, emacs may support .gif and .jpg files internally. You may need to change the following variables for your own situation. ess-sas-graph-view-suffix-regexp is a regular expression of supported file types defined via file name extensions. ess-sas-graph-view-viewer-default is the default external viewer for your platform. ess-sas-graph-view-viewer-alist is an alist of exceptions to the default; i.e. file types and their associated viewers which will be used rather than the default viewer.
(setq ess-sas-graph-view-suffix-regexp (concat "[.]\\([eE]?[pP][sS]\\|"
"[pP][dD][fF]\\|[gG][iI][fF]\\|[jJ][pP][eE]?[gG]\\|"
"[tT][iI][fF][fF]?\\)")) ;; default
(setq ess-sas-graph-view-viewer-default "kodakimg") ;; Windows default
(setq ess-sas-graph-view-viewer-default "sdtimage") ;; Solaris default
(setq ess-sas-graph-view-viewer-alist
'(("[eE]?[pP][sS]" . "gv") ("[pP][dD][fF]" . "acroread")) ;; default
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C-F2 produces US landscape by default, however, it can produce A4 landscape (first line for "global" key mapping, second for "local"):
(global-set-key [(control f2)] 'ess-sas-rtf-a4-landscape) (define-key sas-mode-local-map [(control f2)] 'ess-sas-rtf-a4-landscape) |
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iESS (inferior ESS) is the method for interfacing with interactive statistical processes (programs). iESS[SAS] is what is needed for interactive SAS programming. iESS[SAS] works best with the following settings for SAS command-line options (the default of inferior-SAS-args):
-stdio -linesize 80 -noovp -nosyntaxcheck |
-stdio
required to make the redirection of stdio work
-linesize 80
keeps output lines from folding on standard terminals
-noovp
prevents error messages from printing 3 times
-nosyntaxcheck
permits recovery after syntax errors
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To start up iESS[SAS] mode, use:
M-x SAS |
The *SAS:1.log* buffer in ESStr mode corresponds to the file myfile.log in SAS batch usage and to the "SAS: LOG" window in the SAS Display Manager. All commands submitted to SAS, informative messages, warnings, and errors appear here.
The *SAS:1.lst* buffer in ESSlst mode corresponds to the file myfile.lst in SAS batch usage and to the "SAS: OUTPUT" window in the SAS Display Manager. All data related printed output from the PROCs appear in this window.
The iESS [SAS:1] buffer exists solely as a communications buffer. Files are edited in the myfile.sas buffer. The C-c C-r key in ESS[SAS] is the functional equivalent of bringing a file into the "SAS: PROGRAM EDITOR" window followed by the 'Local' 'Submit' menu commands. The user should never use this buffer directly.
For example, open the file you want to work with.
C-x C-f myfile.sas |
M-x SAS |
Buffer Mode Description myfile.sas ESS[SAS] your source file *SAS:1* iESS [SAS:1] ESS communication buffer *SAS:1.log* Shell [] ESStr SAS log information *SAS:1.lst* Shell [] ESSlst SAS listing information |
C-c C-w |
C-x b myfile.sas |
C-c C-r |
At the end of the session you may save the log and listing buffers with the usual C-x C-s commands. You will be prompted for a file name. Typically, the names myfile.log and myfile.lst will be used. You will almost certainly want to edit the saved files before including them in a report. The files are read-only by default. You can make them writable by the emacs command C-x C-q.
At the end of the session, the input file myfile.sas will typically have been revised. You can save it. It can be used later as the beginning of another iESS[SAS] session. It can also be used as a batch input file to SAS.
The *SAS:1* buffer is strictly for ESS use. The user should never need to read it or write to it. Refer to the .lst and .log buffers for monitoring output!
Troubleshooting: See section 10.7 iESS[SAS]--Common problems.
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1. iESS[SAS] does not work on Windows. In order to run SAS inside
an emacs buffer, it is necessary to start SAS with the -stdio option.
SAS does not support the -stdio option on Windows.
2. If M-x SAS gives errors upon startup, check the following:
- you are running Windows: see 1.
- ess-sas-sh-command (in the ESS source directory) needs to be
executable (solution: "chmod ugo+rx ess-sas-sh-command").
- sas isn't in your executable path (verify using "which sas" from
a shell command-line)
3. M-x SAS starts SAS Display Manager. Probably, the command "sas"
on your system calls a shell script. Specify the path to the real
"sas" executable in the file ess-sas-sh-command, i.e.:
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Output from GPROCs can be displayed in a SAS/Graph window for SAS batch on Windows or for both SAS batch and interactive with X11 on Unix. If you need to create graphics files and view them with F12, then include the following (either in myfile.sas or in your autoexec.sas):
filename gsasfile 'graphics.ps'; goptions device=ps gsfname=gsasfile gsfmode=append; |
proc plot;
plot a*b / vpos=25;
run;
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Or you can mark regions with the mouse and submit the code with `submit-region' or paste them into SAS Display Manager.
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